Associations of education and income with hazardous drinking among postpartum women in Japan: results from the TMM BirThree Cohort Study

BACKGROUND@#Although the postpartum period is suggested to provide an ideal opportunity for interventions to prevent hazardous drinking, evidence on the associations of education and income with hazardous drinking during this period is limited, including in Japan.@*METHODS@#We analyzed data from 11,031 women who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study in Japan. Hazardous drinking was defined as ethanol intake of ≥20 g/day 1 year after delivery. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to examine whether educational attainment or equivalent household income was associated with hazardous drinking, adjusting for age, parity, drinking status during pregnancy, work status, postpartum depression, breastfeeding, and income/education. We also conducted stratified analyses by income and education groups.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of hazardous drinking 1 year after delivery was 3.6%. Lower education was associated with hazardous drinking; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of high school education or lower compared with university education or higher was 2.17 (1.59-2.98). Lower income was also associated with hazardous drinking, but this association disappeared after further adjustments for education; the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the lowest compared with highest level of income were 1.42 (1.04-1.94) and 1.12 (0.81-1.54), respectively. A significant interaction was detected; lower education and lower income were associated with increased risks of hazardous drinking only in a lower income group and lower education group, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Postpartum women with lower education and lower income had higher risks of hazardous drinking in Japan.

Addictive Behavior and Personality among Workers with Hazardous Alcohol Drinking / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study examined psychiatric characteristics including addictive behavior and personality traits among workers with hazardous drinking. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 486 workers. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were collected, and employed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Korean version (AUDIT-K), Korean translation of the Internet Addiction Test, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Korean version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC), Big Five Inventory-Korean version-10 (BFI-K-10). Hazardous drinking was identified with the AUDIT-K score of 10 in men and 6 in women. Univariate and logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with hazardous drinking. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-eight (34.6%) workers reported hazardous drinking. It was more common in men and workers with lower levels of education, workers that smoked and experienced smartphone addiction, and had experienced attempted suicide. Among the assessment scales, scores on the HADS and PSS were higher, and scores on the K-CD-RISC were lower for these workers. Regarding scores for the BFI-K-10, higher extraversion, lower agreeableness, and lower openness were related to hazardous drinking. Logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking, smartphone addiction, history of attemptd suicide, and higher scores on extraversion of the BFI-K-10 were significantly associated with hazardous drinking. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that hazardous drinking tends to coexist with other addictive behaviors such as smoking and smartphone addiction. Clinicians should also be aware of suicidal risk in people with hazardous drinking.

Influence of long hazardous drinking on cardiovascular function among alcohol dependent patients / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To identify the effect of long hazardous drinking on cardiovascular function and cardiovascu?lar abnormalities among alcohol dependent patients. Methods A follow-up survey was conducted, 72 potential patients who were diagnosed as having alcohol dependence were recruited into case group and 75 staff who underwent routine health examination were subjected into control group. Furthermore, 52 patients were subdivided into long hazardous drinking group (GroupⅠ) according to the classification of alcohol consumption published by WHO. The rest patients in the case group were considered as not long hazardous drinkers (GroupⅡ). The blood lipid data, echocardiography and ca?rotid artery brachial artery ultrasonography measurement data were compared between the three groups. The high risk fac?tors for cardiovascular abnormalities among alcohol dependence patients were analyzed. And one year after discharge, telephone follow-up method was used to obtain the incidence of cardiovascular accident among patients. Results The dis?tribution of blood lipid data among GroupⅠ, Ⅱ and control group were not significantly different (P>0.05). The LVEF score in GroupⅠwas significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01). The LAAEF score in GroupⅠwas signifi? cantly higher than that in control group and that in the GroupⅡ(P<0.05). While the FDM and IMT score in the GroupⅠwas significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01). In the case group, the duration of drinking alcohol was neg?atively associated with LAPEF (r=-0.246, P=0.014) and LAAEF (r=0.239, P=0.016). The average daily alcohol consump?tion was positively associated with LVEF (r=0.256, P=0.010), while negatively correlated with FMD (r=-0.256,P=0.010). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that long hazardous drinking was an independent risk factor for cardiovas?cular abnormalities (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.060~1.678). Conclusion Long hazardous drinking can reduce left ventricular diastolic and vascular endothelial function. It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular abnormalities in alcohol de?pendent patient.

Hazardous Drinking-Related Characteristics of Depressive Disorders in Korea: The CRESCEND Study

This study aimed to identify clinical correlates of hazardous drinking in a large cohort of Korean patients with depression. We recruited a total of 402 depressed patients aged > 18 yr from the Clinical Research Center for Depression (CRESCEND) study in Korea. Patients' drinking habits were assessed using the Korean Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K). Psychometric scales, including the HAMD, HAMA, BPRS, CGI-S, SSI-Beck, SOFAS, and WHOQOL-BREF, were used to assess depression, anxiety, overall psychiatric symptoms, global severity, suicidal ideation, social functioning, and quality of life, respectively. We compared demographic and clinical features and psychometric scores between patients with and without hazardous drinking behavior after adjusting for the effects of age and sex. We then performed binary logistic regression analysis to identify independent correlates of hazardous drinking in the study population. Our results revealed that hazardous drinking was associated with current smoking status, history of attempted suicide, greater psychomotor retardation, suicidal ideation, weight loss, and lower hypochondriasis than non-hazardous drinking. The regression model also demonstrated that more frequent smoking, higher levels of suicidal ideation, and lower levels of hypochondriasis were independently correlates for hazardous drinking in depressed patients. In conclusion, depressed patients who are hazardous drinkers experience severer symptoms and a greater burden of illness than non-hazardous drinkers. In Korea, screening depressed patients for signs of hazardous drinking could help identify subjects who may benefit from comprehensive therapeutic approaches.

Patterns of Alcohol Consumption among Male Adults at a Slum in Kolkata, India.

Globally, alcohol-abuse is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Consumption of alcohol has increased in India in the recent decades. It is imperative to know the patterns of alcohol consumption among different types of consumers to launch a well-planned nationwide programme for the prevention and control of this devastating social pathology. This community-based, cross-sectional study was undertaken to identify the patterns of alcohol intake among different types of alcohol consumers and to assess the clinical signs of chronic harmful alcohol-use. A predesigned, pretested, semi-structured alcohol-use disorders identification test (AUDIT) questionnaire was used for interviewing males, aged >18 years, selected by random sampling from an updated household list of a randomly-selected sector of the service area of the Urban Health Centre in Chetla, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Written informed consents were obtained from all the respondents. Relevant clinical examination for chronic harmful alcohol-use was done according to the AUDIT clinical screening procedures. The results revealed that 65.8% (150/228) were current consumers of alcohol; 14% were alcohol-dependents; 8% were hazardous or harmful consumers, and 78% were nonhazardous non-harmful consumers. The mean age of the respondents at the initiation of drinking alcohol was 20.8+5.9 years. Eighty-six percent of dependents (n=21) took both Indian-made foreign liquor and locally-made alcoholic beverages. The proportions of alcohol consumers who drank alone among alcoholdependents, hazardous or harmful consumers, and non-hazardous non-harmful consumers were 71.4%, 50%, and 7.7% respectively, and the difference was significant (p<0.01). Forty-one percent of the consumers drank at public places and workplaces, which may be socially harmful. About 38% of the dependents purchased alcohol from unlicensed liquor shops. Only 16% expressed concerns for their drinking habit mainly to the past illness. The proportion of the concerned respondents was higher in the hazardous and harmful drinking patterns than in the non-hazardous non-harmful drinking pattern, and the difference was significant (p<0.05). About 62% of the dependents had clinical signs of chronic alcohol consumption. The presence of a considerable proportion of alcohol-dependents, the low mean age at initiation of drinking alcohol, and the habit of drinking in public places and workplaces are the main areas that need special emphasis by intervention programmes.

El consumo riesgoso y dañino de alcohol y sus factores predictivos en adolescentes estudiantes del bachillerato / Hazardous and harmful drinking among Mexican adolescents: prevalence and predictive factors

Alcohol is commonly used among adolescents in Mexico. In a representative survey of Mexico's general population, 30% of the teenagers reported current drinking, whereas 8% incurred in binge drinking (5 or more drinks per occasion) at least once during the last year. In addition, 3% reported three or more alcohol dependence symptoms over the last 12 months. In this Mexican age group, alcohol consumption importantly contributes to the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality (e.g. accidents, violence, homicides, suicide and risky behaviors). Data from a representative survey of adolescents attending middle and high school in Mexico City suggests that adolescents attending Mexico's schools run a high risk for alcohol problems. In this study, prevalence of lifetime and current drinking, and of current binge drinking (5 or more drinks per occasion) were, respectively, 65.8%, 35.2%, and 23.8%. These rates are substantially higher than those described in teenagers from Mexico's general population. Furthermore, although among Mexico's general population the prevalence of drinking has traditionally been higher among male than female adolescents, no gender differences in prevalence of alcohol consumption have been reported among Mexican middle and high school students. This suggests that female adolescents in Mexico's schools have become equally exposed to drinking as their male counterparts. Despite these trends, there is a paucity of studies examining drinking patterns and their respective correlates among Mexican adolescents attending post-elementary education. To our knowledge, in this population, there are no published prevalence estimates of Hazardous and Harmful Drinking (HHD). HHD is defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption conferring to the individual a greater risk for health problems, or frankly conducive to medical or psychological complications (e.g. accidents, victimization, violence, alcohol dependence, liver cirrhosis and/or other medical complications). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), developed by the World Health Organization, is currently the only instrument specifically designed to identify HHD. Although the AUDIT was initially validated only among adult patients in primary care settings, this instrument has consistently shown to be valid and reliable in detecting alcohol problems in different populations, such as the adolescent population in many countries around the world. Given the public health implications of estimating the frequency of HHD among adolescents attending high school in Mexico, and given the importance of elucidating the variables influencing this problem, we decided to conduct the analysis presented here. To our knowledge, this is the first report published in the international literature on the prevalence of HHD among adolescents attending high school in a Latin American country. Objective In the study described here, derived from a Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) project entitled <>, we aimed at examining the frequency and risk factors for HHD among Mexican high school students. More specifically, our objectives were: 1. to determine the past-year prevalence of HHD among high school freshmen; and 2. to examine, in this population, the effects of demographic and family variables in the likelihood of HHD. Subjects and methods This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted at the beginning of the school year during the registration period between September 1st and September 30th, 2005. In 2005, a total of 34000 students were accepted to initiate college at the nine UNAM college campuses located in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Of these, 28784 students (87.4 %) (age=14.8 [±2.5] years; 51.0% women) consented in answering the survey and provided complete data. Consequently, 521 6 students (12.6%) were excluded from the analysis due to a lack of consent, incomplete data or their absence at the time of registration. We used the AUDIT to examine past-year prevalence of HHD. This self-report instrument includes 10 items that examine frequency and intensity of drinking (items 1-3), presence of alcohol dependence symptoms (items 4-6), and negative consequences of drinking (items 7-10), yielding a maximum possible score of 40 points. Among adult patients in primary care settings, it has been accepted that an AUDIT score of 0-7 points reflects safe levels of alcohol consumption, whereas a score of 8 points or higher indicates the presence of Hazardous and/or Harmful Drinking. It has been described however, that among adolescents, an AUDIT score of 3 points or higher reliably identifies those students experiencing this problem. In the analysis presented here, we separately examined and reported prevalence estimates and correlates for HHD using both AUDIT's cut-off scores (≥3 and ≥8). The AUDIT was administered at the same time that a wellness screening survey that the UNAM Medical Services routinely administer to all registering high school freshmen at the beginning of the school year. Questions in the wellness survey pertained students' medical and dental health, family medical history, immunizations, and use of tobacco and other drugs. In addition, demographic and socioeconomic information was obtained from a questionnaire also routinely administered by the UNAM registrar's office. This questionnaire included 37 items inquiring about gender, age, employment and marital status, monthly family income, parental education, place and type of residency, persons with whom the student resided, and questions on previous academic performance. We estimated the prevalence of HHD and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in the total of the sample, and separately by age group, gender, working status, monthly family income, parental education, and by variables reflecting whether the students lived with their family, peers, or alone. These variables were modeled using simulated binary terms (0, 1). Subsequently, a multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between HHD and the demographic and socioeconomic variables listed above. Variables were entered simultaneously into the logistic regression equation. To summarize the level of risk of HHD conferred by significant variables in the logistic regression model, odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% CI's were estimated. All the significant effects reported here were adjusted considering the effects of the remaining demographic and socioeconomic variables. Results Among the high school students examined here, the prevalence of HHD was 4.0% when an AUDIT cut-off score of ≥ 8 was used. When an AUDIT score of ≥3 was considered, a frequency of 1 7.2% was observed. Men (AUDIT ≥8: 5.4%; AUDIT ≥3: 21.4%) experienced this problem more frequently than women (AUDIT≥8: 2.6%; AUDIT≥3: 13.1%). The highest prevalence of HHD among men was observed in all age groups and regardless of working status, family income, parents' education, or regardless of the persons with whom the student reported to live with. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic differences between men and women, we found that the risk of experiencing HHD among men was approximately two times higher than among women (OR's and 95% CI's for AUDIT's cut-off score ≥8 or ≥3, respectively 2.0[1.6-2.4] and 1.6[1.5-1.8]).

De acuerdo a la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones (ENA) (Medina-Mora et al., 2003), de 1990 al 2002, la prevalencia en el consumo de alcohol durante los últimos 12 meses entre los jóvenes mexicanos de 12 a 17 años de edad, se elevó del 27.6% al 30%. De manera más reciente, la Encuesta de Estudiantes de Nivel Medio y Medio Superior de la Ciudad de México (EENMMS) (Villatoro et al., 2003), describió que el consumo alguna vez en la vida y el consumo durante el último mes de bebidas etílicas afectó respectivamente al 65.8% y al 35.2% de los estudiantes. Llama la atención que la frecuencia del consumo alguna vez en la vida reportada por la EENMMS es considerablemente mayor que la descrita en los adolescentes de la población general urbana (39.8%) por la ENA. Además, las diferencias de género reportadas por la ENA, en las que los hombres tradicionalmente beben con más frecuencia que las mujeres, no fueron encontradas por la EENMMS en la población estudiantil del nivel medio y medio superior. Hasta lo que nosotros sabemos, se desconoce cuál es la prevalencia en esta población de patrones de consumo problemático de alcohol como serían el consumo riesgoso y dañino (CRDA) o el consumo dependiente. Por lo que se desconoce si existen diferencias entre la población estudiantil y los adolescentes de la población general, en la prevalencia de estos problemas. El CRDA se define como un patrón de consumo de bebidas embriagantes, que se sitúa en un continuum de severidad, que coloca al sujeto en riesgo de desarrollar problemas de salud y/o que puede desembocar en francas complicaciones físicas y/o psicológicas (accidentes, victimización, violencia, dependencia al alcohol, etc.). Objetivo En el estudio que se presenta aquí, nos propusimos: 1) estimar la prevalencia durante el último año del CRDA en los estudiantes de primer ingreso al nivel bachillerato de la UNAM, y 2) evaluar la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas y familiares en el riesgo para el CRDA. Material y métodos El diseño del estudio fue el de una encuesta transversal en los estudiantes del primer año del bachillerato en el sistema escolarizado de la UNAM. Se estudiaron a 28 784 estudiantes (87.4 % de la población total). Se utilizó el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) -versión en español para detectar el CRDA en la población adolescente. En este análisis empleamos tanto los puntos de corte recomendados para evaluar el CRDA en adultos (AUDIT≥8) como el puntaje recomendado para la población adolescente (AUDIT≥3). Se utilizaron porcentajes, promedios y desviaciones estándar para el análisis de las variables demográficas, y pruebas de contraste de medias (análisis de varianza) y de proporciones ( χ²) de acuerdo a la variable. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para examinar la asociación de las variables demográficas y familiares con el CRDA. Se calcularon los odds ratios (OR) con intervalo de confianza al 95% para resumir el nivel de riesgo de ser afectado por el CRDA. Resultados Cuando se usó la definición del CRDA para la población adulta, se encontró que 4.0% de los estudiantes lo presentaron, frente a 1 7.2% cuando se utilizó el puntaje del AUDIT recomendado para los adolescentes. El riesgo de experimentar el CRDA fue casi dos veces mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres.

Prevalencia del consumo riesgoso y dañino de alcohol y factores de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios de primer ingreso / Prevalence of risky and harmful alcohol consumption and risk factors in freshmen students

Background In Mexico, alcohol is the most widely used substance among young adults. Alcohol consumption in this age group contributes importantly to the most frequent causes of mortality and morbidity (e.g., accidents, violence, homicides, suicide and risky behaviors). Around the world, college or university attendance has emerged in the literature as a risk factor for drinking problems among young adults. In Mexico, data from the most recent National Survey on Addictions showed that lifetime and current drinking is experienced by more than half of the Mexicans attending college education. Despite this, in our country there is a paucity of epidemiological studies examining drinking behavior and correlates among those attending college. Findings in non-representative samples of students attending public and private universities in Mexico City suggest that, during the last two decades, there has been an increase in the frequency of lifetime and current drinking in this population. Additionally, these studies have shown that, in comparison to young adults of the same age in the general population, university students may experience a greater prevalence of lifetime and current alcohol drinking. Regarding the frequency of unhealthy drinking among Mexican college students, to our knowledge there are no prevalence estimates of hazardous or harmful drinking published. However, observations in non-random samples of university students in Mexico City suggested that at least one in three men and one in five women incurred in unhealthy drinking (e.g., ≥ 5 drinks per occasion or drinking to intoxication) at least once during the last month. Hazardous and harmful drinking is respectively defined by a pattern of alcohol consumption conferring a greater risk for health problems or that is frankly conducive to medical or psychological complications (e.g., accidents, victimization, violence, alcohol dependence, liver cirrhosis and/or other medical complications). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), developed by the World Health Organization, is currently the only instrument specifically designed to identify hazardous and harmful drinking. Although the AUDIT was initially validated among older adult patients in primary care settings, this instrument has consistently shown to be valid and reliable in detecting alcohol problems in different populations such as the college students in many countries around the world. Given the public health implications of estimating the frequency of hazardous and harmful drinking among college students in Mexico, and given the importance of elucidating the variables influencing this problem, we decided to conduct the present study. To our knowledge, this is the first report published in the international literature on the prevalence of hazardous and harmful drinking among college students in a Latin American country. Objective In the analysis described here, derived from the project entitled Early Identification and Treatment of Problem Drinkers at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), our aim was to examine the frequency and risk factors for hazardous and harmful drinking among Mexican university students. More specifically, our objectives were: 1. To determine the past-year prevalence of hazardous and harmful drinking among UNAM college freshmen; and 2. To examine in this population the effects of demographic and family variables on the likelihood of hazardous and harmful drinking. Subjects and methods This study was a cross-sectional survey that was conducted at the beginning of the school year during the registration period between September 1st and September 30th, 2005. In 2005, a total of 34 000 students were accepted to initiate college at the nine UNAM college campuses located in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Of these, 24 921 (73.3%) students (age=18.7±4.3 years; 55.7% women) consented in answering the survey and provided complete data. Consequently, 9 079 students (26.7%) were excluded from the analysis due to lack of consent, incomplete data or due to their absence at the time of registration. We used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to examine past-year prevalence of hazardous and harmful drinking. This self-report instrument includes 10 items that examine frequency and intensity of drinking (items 1-3), presence of alcohol dependence symptoms (items 4-6) and negative consequences of drinking (items 7-10), yielding a maximum possible score of 40 points. Among adult patients in primary care settings, it has been accepted that an AUDIT score of 0-7 points reflects safe levels of alcohol consumption, whereas a score of 8 points or greater indicates the presence of hazardous and harmful drinking. It has been described, however, that among college students, an AUDIT score of 6 points or greater reliably identifies those students experiencing this problem. In the analysis presented here, we separately examined and reported the prevalence estimates and correlates of hazardous and harmful drinking using both AUDIT cut-off scores (≥ 6 and ≥ 8). The AUDIT was administered at the same time as a wellness screening survey that the UNAM Medical Services routinely administer to all registering freshmen at the beginning of the school year. Questions in the wellness survey pertained students' medical and dental health, family medical history, immunizations, use of tobacco and other drugs. In addition, demographic and socioeconomic information was obtained from a questionnaire also routinely administered by the UNAM registrar's office. This questionnaire included 37 items inquiring about gender, age, employment and marital status, monthly family income, parental education, place and type of residency, persons with whom the student resided, and questions on previous academic performance.

Antecedentes En México, el alcohol es la sustancia potencialmente adictiva que se utiliza con mayor frecuencia por los adultos jóvenes. Información proveniente de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones más reciente muestra que más de 50% de los jóvenes entre los 18-29 años ha consumido bebidas alcohólicas al menos una vez durante el último mes. En la Ciudad de México se ha encontrado que más de la mitad de las mujeres y cerca de dos terceras partes de los hombres entre 18-29 años de edad consume regularmente bebidas alcohólicas. Durante los últimos años, el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas se ha venido incrementando importantemente entre los jóvenes mexicanos de ambos sexos en edad de recibir una educación superior. A nivel internacional, la bibliografía sugiere que la población estudiantil de los centros de educación superior es un grupo de mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de problemas por consumo de alcohol. En México, aunque se desconoce si los estudiantes de educación superior son un grupo de mayor riesgo para estos abusos, algunas encuestas y reportes sugieren que los problemas por consumo de alcohol tienen una importancia creciente. En cuanto al consumo de alcohol que excede los niveles seguros para la salud (≥2 bebidas estándar al día en las mujeres o ≥3 bebidas estándar al día en los hombres), el Observatorio Mexicano del Alcohol y Drogas describió que en el año 2002 el consumo de cinco o más copas por ocasión de consumo afecta a tres de cinco hombres y a una de cinco mujeres. Aunque problemas metodológicos y sesgos de selección potenciales en estas encuestas dificultan su interpretación, sus resultados sugieren que el consumo de alcohol, particularmente el consumo riesgoso y potencialmente dañino, es común entre los estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de México. El consumo riesgoso y dañino de alcohol (CRDA) se sitúa en un continuum de severidad y se define como un patrón de consumo de bebidas embriagantes que colocan al sujeto en riesgo de desarrollar problemas de salud y/o que desemboca en francas complicaciones físicas y/o psicológicas (accidentes, victimización, violencia, dependencia al alcohol, cirrosis hepática, etc.). De acuerdo a los reportes de la bibliografía internacional, este es el primer estudio publicado sobre la prevalencia de consumo peligroso y dañino de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios en América Latina. Objetivo En el trabajo que se presenta aquí, que forma parte del proyecto para la Identificación Temprana y Tratamiento Oportuno de bebedores con Consumo Excesivo de Alcohol en Estudiantes Universitarios de la UNAM, nos propusimos evaluar la prevalencia del CRDA durante el último año y examinar los factores de riesgo y protección respectivos en estudiantes de primer ingreso a la licenciatura de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. De manera especifica, nos propusimos: 1) estimar la prevalencia del CRDA durante el último año en los estudiantes de primer ingreso a la licenciatura de la UNAM, y 2) evaluar en esta población la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas y familiares en el riesgo para el CRDA. Material y métodos Se trató de un estudio transversal en el que se estudiaron 24921 estudiantes del primer año de la licenciatura de la UNAM (edad=18.7±4.3 años; 55% mujeres). Para detectar aquellos estudiantes que en el último año incurrieron en el CRDA, se utilizó el instrumento de tamizaje Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para examinar los efectos de las variables demográficas y sociofamiliares, así como para calcular Odds Ratios (OR) y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Este instrumento consiste de 10 preguntas que exploran la frecuencia e intensidad del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas. Con el objetivo de poder comparar nuestros hallazgos con los de otros investigadores, se examinaron y se reportan separadamente las prevalencias del CRDA con base en puntos de corte de 8 y de 6 en el AUDIT. Para el reporte de datos demográficos y puntajes del AUDIT, se utilizaron porcentajes, promedios y desviaciones estándar. Se emplearon las pruebas de contraste de medias (análisis de varianza) y de proporciones (χ2) dependiendo de la naturaleza de cada variable. Se calcularon las prevalencias del CRDA con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados Usando un puntaje de corte en el AUDIT de ocho y de seis puntos, la prevalencia del CRDA durante el último año fue respectivamente de 11.1% y de 18.4%. Esta fue mayor en los hombres (AUDIT≥8: 17.3%; AUDIT≥6: 27.4%) que en las mujeres (AUDIT≥8: 6.2%; AUDIT≥6: 11.3%). Además del sexo masculino, aquellos estudiantes que trabajaban y que reportaron un mayor ingreso familiar mensual, tuvieron un mayor riesgo de experimentar el CRDA. En las mujeres, pero no en los hombres, un mayor nivel educativo tanto en el padre como en la madre también se relacionó con un incremento en el CRDA. Contrariamente, una mayor edad y el ser casado se asoció con una reducción en el riesgo del CRDA.